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Golden-headed lion tamarin
The golden-headed lion tamarin (''Leontopithecus chrysomelas''), also the golden-headed tamarin, is a lion tamarin endemic to Brazil. It is found only in the lowland and premontane tropical forest fragments in the state of Bahia, and therefore is considered to be an endangered species. It lives at heights of . Its preferred habitat is within mature forest, but with habitat destruction this is not always the case. Several sources seem to have different information on the number of individuals within a group, and the type of social system that may be apparent. The golden-headed lion tamarin lives within group sizes ranging from 2 to 11 individuals, with the average size ranging from 4 to 7.〔Baker AJ, Bales K, Dietz JM. (2002). Mating system and group dynamics in lion tamarins. In: Kleiman DG, Rylands AB, editors. ''Lion Tamarins: biology and conservation.'' Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 188-212.〕 According to various sources, the group may consist of two adult males, one adult female, and any immature individuals,〔Kleiman DG, Geist G. (2003). Golden-Headed Lion Tamarins. ''Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia.'' 2nd ed. 14th vol.〕 one male and one female and any immature individuals,〔Lundrigan, B. and K. Kapheim. (2000). ''Leontopithecus chrysomelas'' (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_chrysomelas.html.〕 or there may be one producing pair and a varying number of other group members, usually offspring from previous generations.〔Rothe H, Darms K. (1993). The social organization of marmosets: a critical evaluation of recent concepts. In: Rylands AB, editor. ''Marmosets and tamarins. Systematics, behaviour and ecology.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 176-199.〕〔French JA. (1997). Proximate regulation of singular breeding in callitrichid primates. In: Solomon NG, French JA, editors. ''Cooperative breeding in mammals.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 34-75.〕 There is not much known on its mating system, but according to different sources, and information on the possible social groups, it can be assumed that some may practice monogamous mating systems,〔 and some may practice polyandrous mating systems.〔 Both males and females invest energy in caring for the young,〔 and all members of the group also help with juvenile care.〔〔
== Diet ==
Raboy & Dietz, who completed a study at Una Biological Reserve on diet and foraging patterns, observed that the golden-headed lion tamarin tends to defend a large home range relative to its small body size,〔Raboy BE, Dietz JM. (2004). Diet, Foraging, and Use of Space in Wild Golden Headed Lion Tamarins. ''American Journal of Primatology'' 63:1-15.〕 (ranging from 40–320 hectares).〔Rylands AB. (1993). The ecology of the lion tamarins, Leontopithecus: Some intrageneric differences and comparisons with other callitrichids. In: Rylands AB, editor. ''Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Behaviour, and Ecology.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 296-313.〕 It has a very wide diet; it eats plants, fruits, flowers, nectar, insects and small invertebrates; which include insect larvae, spiders, snails, frogs, lizards, bird eggs and small snakes. Typically, fruits are eaten shortly after awaking, as the fruit sugars provide quick energy for hunting later on. It searches for animal prey within epiphytic bromeliads; if its home range does not contain many bromeliads, then it will also forage in crevices, holes in trees, between palm fronds and in leaf litter. It occasionally eats gum, but this behavior is rare in this species of tamarin. Since its habitat is fairly stable within the rainforest, its preferred food is available year round and they do not need to resort to the low nutritional value of exudates.
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